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And what makes them similar to drugs is scheduled rewards. If you see a timer anywhere, it's drug-based design.

Duolingo is absolutely habit forming. It's got positive and negative reinforcements timed at many frequencies: days, weeks, months and years. It's got all sorts of rewards: XP, badges, gems, daily tasks, weekly leaderboards, yearly progress reports. It's got all sorts of punishments: loss of streak, permanent loss of monthly badge, loss of position in leaderboars.

The only thing that excuses all this is the fact it's trying to instill a healthy learning habit which leads to positive results for the user. Unlike the many Skinner's box simulators out there with the reward buttons wired to the player's credit card.



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